Which literary term refers to a work where the protagonist experiences significant struggle that ends in ruin?

The correct term for a work where the protagonist experiences significant struggle that culminates in ruin is tragedy. In literature, tragedies are characterized by their serious themes and the downfall of the central character, often due to a combination of personal flaws (such as hubris) and unavoidable fate or circumstances. This form of storytelling emphasizes deep emotional experiences and moral lessons, reflecting on the human condition and the complexities of life.

In contrast, comedy typically focuses on humorous elements and often concludes happily, providing amusement rather than pain or ruin. Drama is a broader term that encompasses various forms of narrative works, including both tragic and comedic elements, but does not specifically denote the tragic downfall of the protagonist. An epic is a lengthy narrative that recounts the adventures of heroic figures, often highlighting their struggles but not necessarily emphasizing a tragic ruin. Thus, tragedy distinctly captures the essence of a protagonist's dramatic downfall.