Which term describes the cultural revival in art and intellect that began in Italy?

The term that describes the cultural revival in art and intellect that began in Italy is "Renaissance." This period, which roughly spanned from the 14th to the 17th century, marked a significant transformation in European culture. It was characterized by a renewed interest in the classical arts and ideas of ancient Greece and Rome, leading to groundbreaking developments in literature, visual arts, architecture, and science. During the Renaissance, figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Petrarch emerged, contributing to a flourishing of creativity and intellectual thought. This era emphasized humanism, individual expression, and the exploration of human experience, paving the way for subsequent cultural movements.

The other terms—Baroque, Enlightenment, and Modernism—refer to different historical periods and cultural developments. Baroque followed the Renaissance and is noted for its dramatic art style and emotional intensity. The Enlightenment came later, focusing on reason and scientific thought, while Modernism emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a break from traditional forms and conventions in art and literature. Thus, "Renaissance" is the specific term that accurately captures the cultural revival initiated in Italy.